Die feline infektiöse Peritonitis – ein aktueller Überblick

Zusammenfassung

Coronaviren (CoVs) sind positiv einzelsträngige RNA-Viren, die verschiedene Tierarten sowie Menschen infizieren können. Besonders relevant für Katzen ist das feline Coronavirus (FCoV), das in Katzenpopulationen weltweit verbreitet ist. Eine Infektion mit FCoV verläuft in der Regel ohne Symptome. In Mehrkatzenhaushalten entwickeln jedoch etwa 5–12% der FCoV-infizierten Katzen aufgrund von Mutationen im Spike-Gen die feline infektiöse Peritonitis (FIP). FIP ist eine immunvermittelte Erkrankung, die bislang immer tödlich verlief. Die Mutationen führen zu einem Tropismus-Wechsel von Enterozyten zu Monozyten und Makrophagen. Der damit verbundene Wechsel in der Virulenz von FCoV führt zu der charakteristischen granulomatösen Vaskulitis und Perivaskulitis, die bei FIP beobachtet wird. In letzter Zeit gibt es zahlreiche neue Erkenntnisse zur FIP. So zeigen Studien, dass humanmedizinische antivirale Medikamente, wie das Nukleosidanalogon GS-441524, bei FIP wirksam sind und betroffenen Katzen eine Überlebenschance von bis zu 100% bieten. Zudem wurde eine neuartige FCoV-Variante, das FCoV-23, bei Katzen aus Zypern identifiziert. Dieses Virus entstand nach derzeitigem Kenntnisstand durch eine Rekombination zwischen FCoV und dem hochvirulenten pantropischen caninen Coronavirus; es kann direkt von Katze zu Katze übertragen werden und FIP auslösen. Darüber hinaus gibt es immer mehr Hinweise darauf, dass FIP häufig mit einer Myokarditis assoziiert ist. Dieser Artikel bietet einen Überblick über den aktuellen Wissensstand der FIP, unter Berücksichtigung der Pathologie, klinischer Symptome, wirksamer Therapiemöglichkeiten und Präventionsmaßnahmen.

Abstract

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are positive, single-stranded RNA viruses that can infect various animal species as well as humans. Particularly relevant for cats is the feline coronavirus (FCoV), which is widespread in cat populations worldwide. Infection with FCoV is usually asymptomatic. However, in multi-cat households, approximately 5–12% of FCoV-infected cats develop feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) due to mutations in the spike gene. FIP is an immune-mediated disease that previously was always fatal. These mutations result in a tropism shift from enterocytes to monocytes and macrophages. The associated change in the virulence of FCoV leads to the characteristic granulomatous vasculitis and perivasculitis observed in FIP. Recently, significant advancements have been made in understanding FIP. Studies show that antiviral drugs used in human medicine, such as the nucleoside analog GS-441524, are effective against FIP and can provide affected cats with a survival chance of up to 100%. Additionally, a novel FCoV variant, FCoV-23, has been identified in cats from Cyprus. According to newest research, this virus arose through a recombination between FCoV and the highly virulent pantropic canine coronavirus; it can be directly transmitted from cat to cat and lead to FIP. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that FIP is frequently associated with myocarditis. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge on FIP, including its pathology, clinical signs, effective treatment options, and preventive measures.

Schlüsselwörter

Katze - felines Coronavirus - FCoV - FIP - FCoV-23 - antivirale Therapie - GS-441524

Keywords

Cat - feline coronavirus - FCoV - FIP - FCoV-23 - antiviral therapy - GS-441524

Publication History

Received: 22 March 2024

Accepted: 22 January 2025

Article published online:
15 April 2025

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